The jury on Thursday unanimously upheld claims by Google that its use of Oracle’s Java development platform to create Android was protected under the fair-use provision of copyright law, bringing trial to a close without Oracle winning any of the $US9 billion ($A12.47 billion) in damages it requested.

Oracle said it saw many grounds to appeal and would do so.

“We strongly believe that Google developed Android by illegally copying core Java technology to rush into the mobile device market,” Oracle general counsel Dorian Daley said in a statement.

Alphabet Inc’s Google in a statement called the verdict “a win for the Android ecosystem, for the Java programming community, and for software developers who rely on open and free programming languages to build innovative consumer products”.

The trial was closely watched by software developers, who feared an Oracle victory could spur more software copyright lawsuits.

Google relied on high-profile witnesses like Alphabet executive chairman Eric Schmidt to convince jurors it used Java to create its own innovative product, rather than steal another company’s intellectual property, as Oracle claimed.

A trial in 2012 ended in a deadlocked jury.

In the retrial at US District Court in San Francisco, Oracle said Google’s Android operating system violated its copyright on parts of Java. Alphabet’s Google unit said it should be able to use Java without paying a fee under fair use.

After the first trial, US District Judge William Alsup ruled that the elements of Java at issue were not eligible for copyright protection at all.

A federal appeals court disagreed in 2014, ruling that computer language that connects programs – known as application programming interfaces, or APIs – can be copyrighted.

A flood of copyright lawsuits has failed to materialise in the two years since that federal appeals court ruling, suggesting Oracle’s lawsuit will not ultimately have a wide impact on the sector.

Under US copyright law, “fair use” allows limited use of material without acquiring permission from the rights holder for purposes such as research.

Reuters